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Florence, in the region of Tuscany, is the main city after which the province is named. It rises on the banks of the Arno in a vast plain surrounded by the Careggi, Fiesole, Settignano, Arcetri and Bellosguardo hills. The river divides the city into two parts. The local economy is based on tourism, industry (textiles and clothes, metalwork, optics, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, glass and ceramics) and on Florentine handicrafts (embroidery, jewellry, products made from straw). The climate is temperate but rather variable, with humid and breezy winters characterized by periods of intense cold, and hot and muggy summers. Founded by the Romans in the first century B.C., "Florentia" reached its highest point of civility between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, as a Free State, balancing the authority of the Emperors with that of the Popes, overcoming the problems of internal fighting between Guelphs and Ghibellines. In the fifteenth century Florence was ruled by the Signoria of the Medici. They subsequently became the Granduchy of Tuscany. This was the city's most splendid period, for art, culture, politics and economics. The Granduchy of the Medici was followed by that of the Lorena in the eighteenth century, until in 1860 Tuscany joined the Kingdom of Italy, with Florence as the capital from 1865 to 1871. The Baptistry is one of the oldest buildings in the city. Some say it was built in the eleventh century; some even say it dates to the fifth century, the site of a Romanesque building. The gothic basilica of Santa Croce, built between the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries according to the plans of Arnolfo di Cambio, has a grandious and austere appearance. It is well known because some of the most famous Italians in history are buried here.
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